Posts Tagged ‘cities’


Future jobs: What your kids will be doing

As cities have evolved, so have the jobs that go with them. Think for a minute about the sort of work your grandparents did. Now imagine what industry your son or daughter might be working in. Chances are it will be as foreign to you as it would be to your grandparents.

Your grandmother, if she worked outside the home at all, might have been in the typing pool or an old-fashioned secretary who made the tea and took shorthand for her male boss; your grandfather a loans clerk at a bank or a worker at a manufacturing plant.

They might have had six children, but certainly not fewer than four so they never wasted a thing; clothes were handed down; meals made out of the very basics.

Service, they will tell you, was more personal in their day. They knew their bank manager by name, their doctor regularly did house calls; if they needed anything fixed – from the radio to a car engine or office equipment – there would be a guy down the road who’d have it done in a jiffy; rare holidays would be planned with maps, brochures and trusted travel agents.

You, on the other hand, are likely to be working in mining, in IT, or be self-employed. The secretary is more likely to be a personal assistant who also has a degree and multi-skills in computers, office management and accounting.

You probably only have two children and they already have a plethora of “stuff” that you don’t understand and they certainly don’t need. If you want a loan, you apply online and hear back within a few days without ever having a conversation with anyone, let alone going into a bank; if something’s broken you’re far more likely to throw it away than have it fixed; and if you want to go on holidays you probably book the whole thing online.

So many jobs have either gone completely, are on the way out, or will undergo a complete transformation to adapt to a changing society.

In the past we bought more of life’s essentials; now we spend a lot more on things that are not necessary. With rising living standards comes increased consumption and more pressure on finite resources.

Sustainability, then, will be a big player in the workforce of your children’s future. As will the likes of genetic medicine and innovations in technology for the care of an ageing population.

Some of their job titles may sound like science fiction to you (and certainly to your grandparents) but as society’s priorities change so will the nature of their employment. Future jobs will include the likes of:

Telemedicine technician. Forget the traditional GP. These guys will act as support assistants who can diagnose conditions using state-of-the-art GPS medical systems; they won’t even need you to be in the same room.

Chief innovation officer. Someone paid to move the ideas along, to organise innovation efforts and find ways to commercialise them, to maximise entrepreneurial outcomes.

Corporate alumni director. If networks are knowledge capital, then places (ie cities) with a lot of knowledgeable alumni are very valuable resources indeed, resources that need fostering and careful managing.

Eco-relations manager. With a growing focus on green energy and sustainability there will be more and more green collar jobs, such as selling carbon credits or managing carbon allocation.

Retirement consultants. With an ageing population, jobs will change to provide greater services to cater for their needs. A wealthier, “younger” aged population will demand better services.

Whatever their jobs, your children will be adapting to changes in society, just as you, your parents and grandparents did before them. As always, developments will be about increasing efficiency, getting more output from the same input, no matter the science and technology behind those job changes.



The rise of the city

In 1900 only 10 percent of people lived in cities; now it’s more like 50 percent. By 2050 the forecast is for more than 75 percent of the world’s population to be in the city.

While growth has not happened overnight it has certainly accelerated over time. With each passing age, from the agrarian through to the information age, the city has grown in stature.

Cities quickly became the centres of activity and, thus, increasingly represent the concentration of humanity. Inventions such as the Internet and rapid transit have only added to their growth.

And as the emphasis shifts to intellectual property, cities become even more important. In order for a city to be successful you need the right networks to form, the right groups of individuals coming together in a concentration of infrastructure and an environment that provides that right social and intellectual stimulation for innovation to happen.

Australian cities aren’t doing so well on this front. Too many decisions on changes to our cities are based on limited information. How do we cater for the growing population, for example? We determine where the cheapest land is and build there. Never mind that this land happens to be further and further away from the city centre, making it more difficult for us to operate efficiently, reducing the quality of available employment and transport. In other words, building cities that are inherently less sustainable into the future.

European cities, on the other hand, have a degree of maturity that recognises sustainability as a survival strategy. They know from experience how important the allocation of resources is to the future.

Necessity is the mother of invention. Without enormous resources to haul out of the ground or sheep’s backs to ride on, countries such as Finland have shown just how to turn an apparent negative into a longterm positive – creating cities that are based around the growth of knowledge industries, cities that take the allocation of resources seriously and look at all relevant indicators, not single factors such as the availability of land.

Too many Australian cities are mired in the short-term fix. In Perth in particular, where the memory of WA Inc still burns brightly, there is almost a terror of anything that hints at the public and private sector working in concert.
Government operates in three year cycles; decisions are too often made with one eye on the next election for fear of changes in public opinion. We need a more balanced long term view of all the structures for a viable city.

The private sector which can react very quickly and institutions which can find solutions very quickly need to be given equal weight and access to decision making. They need to share equal billing if cities are to move forward.

You only have to look at the squandered riches of the state’s boom to realise the risk of not acting. Where are the major pieces of infrastructure, the innovative projects to come out of all those mining dollars? We need a complete rethink of governance.


Design critical to new ideas

Innovation and creativity are widely researched topics in contemporary urban economic literature.  

Less evident is research on the role of cities as stimulators of design, a critical ingredient in the causal chain linking creativity on one hand and innovation, productivity and business performance on the other.  

To understand the role of cities in design, it is helpful to understand the role of design in the creativity – innovation –productivity continuum.   Two reviews of creativity, design and business performance in the UK conducted by the Cox Commission (2005) and the Dept of Trade & Industry (2005) provide a useful framework for thinking about design.  

Creativity and design are overlapping concepts and so it is helpful to think about the articulation between them.  Borrowing from the Cox Commission (p2), the concepts of creativity, design and innovation can be defined in economic terms as follows:

  • Creativity is the generation of new ideas – either new ways of looking at existing problems, or of seeing new opportunities, perhaps by exploiting emerging technologies or changes in markets.
  • Innovation is the successful exploitation of new ideas.  It is the process that carries them through to new products, new services, and new ways of running the business or even new ways of doing business.
  • Design is what links creativity and innovation.  It shapes ideas to become practical and attractive propositions for users and customers.  Design may be described as creativity deployed to a specific end.

Borrowing from the DTI (p3), creativity and design can be linked to business performance through:

  • The ‘traditional’ R&D channel, where improvements in productivity and business performance stem from innovation through advances in scientific knowledge or new technology.  This is particularly evident in the higher tech, hard science sectors of the economy.
  • The design channel, where improvements in productivity and business performance can come about from advancements delivered through process design, branding and marketing.  This is more evident in sectors without substantive R&D.  
  • The ‘less-traditional’ creative climate channel, where advances in business performance can occur as a result of environmental factors like organisational culture.  

Conceptually these channels can be mapped as follows (see Figure 1 below, quoted in DTI, p 3, 2005).  

picture-1

If the activity of design is thus defined as shaping new ideas (generated by creativity) into practical and attractive propositions to be successfully exploited (as innovation), it logically leads the urban analyst to explore where the practice of design occurs within the urban employment and economic structure.  

Again, borrowing from DTI, at one end of the spectrum, design is evident in the production of goods and services with a high content of expression and symbolism, associated with industries such as graphics and fashion which have a strong artistic base.  At the other end, design is evident in the production of goods and services that are more obviously functional and material, such as engineering and component manufacturing, which have a strong scientific base.  

Within this spectrum lie a number of industry sectors which the Queensland Smart State Council has attempted to define in a recent submission to the Queensland Government.

References: Cox Review of Creativity in Business: Building on the UK’s strengths, Nov 2005; DTI Economics Paper No. 15: Creativity, Design and Business Perfomance, Nov 2005; Smart State Council (2008) Smart State = Design State, prepared by a working group of the Smart State Council


Sustainability: What it means for our cities

If Australia wants to be a prosperous nation in the future, it needs to pull together to ensure economically sustainable growth. With more than 75 percent of us tipped to live in cities by 2050, our urban environment in particular needs a huge renovation.

Below is Michael Chappell’s Sustainability: What it means for our cities presentation which he has presented at various workshops over the last month.

sustainabilty-what-it-means-for-our-cities